MCT
Medium Chain Tryglycerides --MCT the Oil of choice
MCTs improve the condition of Crohn's Disease patients.-- MCTs alleviate Duodenal Ulcers. --- MCTs alleviate Gastric Ulcers. -- MCTs help to prevent Gallstones (because MCTs can be reabsorbed and hydrolyzed without the use of Bile Acids or Pancreatic Lipase).-- MCTs improve the condition of Ulcerative Colitis patients.
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CMCTs enhance Athletic Performance (especially when consumed in conjunction with Glucose) (by providing a rapid burst of Energy that sustains athletic output). Clinical studies using MCTs to improve Athletic Performance have involved the use of up to 86 grams of MCTs combined with 8.6 grams of Glucose. C-- MCTs increase the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) by up to 40%. --- MCTs alleviate Cirrhosis. C MCTs improve Glucose metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients (possibly by increasing Insulin sensitivity). CMCTs provide the body with rapidly available Energy-MCTs are readily transported across Mitochondrial Membranes where they are used as a source of fuel for the rapid generation of Energy. --MCTs are a useful source of Energy for persons in which dietary Fat malabsorption is a problem.- MCTs alleviate acute and chronic Hepatitis. -- MCTs help to prevent Hypoglycemia. -- MCTs are a useful source of Energy for persons who have dysfunctional Livers.-- MCTs help to prevent and treat Obesity by stimulating the process of thermogenesis (unlike many other dietary Fats, MCTs are inefficiently stored within the body's Adipose Tissues, due to their rapid conversion to Energy) ---- CMCTs are most effective for Obesity when used as a replacement for other types of Dietary Fats (rather than being used in addition to other types of Dietary Fats such as Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids).--- CMCTs increase Stamina (especially when consumed in conjunction with Glucose) (by providing a rapid burst of Energy)--Clinical studies using MCTs to improve Stamina have involved the use of up to 86 grams of MCTs combined with 8.6 grams of Glucose.
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CMCTs reduce Appetite.-- CMCTs stabilize Brain Wave patterns. MCTs alleviate Epilepsy (by stabilizing Brain Wave patterns). ---MCTs Enhance the Function of these Substances----Carbohydrates---MCTs stimulate the endogenous production of Glucose---Hormones MCTs enhance the release of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)---Clinical studies on children have demonstrated that MCTs increase the release of hGH within 60 minutes of MCTs ingestion and hGH levels remained elevated for three hours - the underlying mechanism for this hGH-releasing effect remains unknown.
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CMCTs increase the body's absorption of Calcium. --MCTs increase the body's absorption of Magnesium-
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CMCTs increase the body's production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
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MCTs enhance the absorption and bioavailability of Vitamin E
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Most people commence MCT usage with an initial dosage of 2,375 mg - this is equivalent to ½ teaspoon of free-flowing liquid MCTs.----The usual dosage of MCTs for Athletes is 14,250 mg per day - this is equivalent to one tablespoon of free-flowing liquid MCTs. Bodybuilders often take this dosage immediately prior to workouts.
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Lipases (enzymes) are able to digest MCTs very rapidly (due to their relatively short fatty acid chains which make them more water-soluble).
MCTs require less Phosphatidylcholine and Bile Salts than other Fatty Acids for digestion.----Instead of having to be transported by Chylomicrons in the Lymph Vessels, the Fatty Acids contained in MCTs are absorbed directly into Veins and are transported through the body by Albumin proteins.
MCTs pass through Cell Membranes readily and are not stored as Adipose Tissue
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Capric Acid 30% --Caprylic Acid 68% -- Lauric Acid 1% -- Caproic Acid 1%
Glycerol
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Coconut
Oil and Medium-Chain Triglycerides
All fats and oils are composed of fat molecules called fatty acids. There are
two methods of classifying fatty acids. The one you are most familiar is based
on saturation. You have saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and
polyunsaturated fatty acids. The second method of classification is based on
molecular size or length of the carbon chain in the fatty acid. You have
short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA), and long-chain
fatty acids (LCFA). Another term you will often see in reference to fatty acids
is triglyceride. Three fatty acids joined together make a triglyceride, so you
may have short-chain triglycerides (SCT), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), or
long-chain triglycerides (LCT).---The vast majority of the fats and oils you
eat, whether they are saturated or unsaturated or come from an animal or a
plant, are composed of long-chain triglycerides. Probably 98 to 100% of all the
fats we eat consist of LCT. Coconut oil is unique because it is composed
predominately of MCT. The size of the fatty acid is extremely important
because physiological effects of medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil are
distinctly different from the long-chain fatty acids more commonly found in our
diet. It's the MCT in coconut oil that make it
different from all other fats and for the most part gives it its unique
character and healing properties.
Almost all of the medium-chain triglycerides used in research, medicine, and
food products come from coconut oil.---
Regardless of the condition, recovery requires good nutrition. Food
scientists have long noted the nutritional benefits of medium-chain
triglycerides. MCT from coconut oil are used in hospital formulas to feed the
very young, the critically ill, and those who have digestive problems. It
makes up a vital part of the solutions fed to patients intravenously or through
a tube inserted down the throat. If you were ever given formula as a baby you
took advantage of the health-promoting properties of coconut oil.
MCT from coconut oil have been added to baby
formula for decades.--- MCT are easily digested, absorbed, and put to
use nourishing the body. Unlike other fats, they
put little strain on the digestive system and provide a quick source of energy
necessary to promote healing. This is important for patients who are
using every ounce of strength they have to overcome serious illness or injury.
It's no wonder why MCT are added to infant formulas. Actually, whether you were
breast or formula fed as an infant you consumed MCT. Why? Because MCT are not
only found in coconut oil but are natural and vital components of human breast
milk. MCT are considered essential nutrients
for infants as well as for people with serious digestive problems like
cystic
fibrosis. Like other essential
nutrients, you must get them directly from the diet.---One of the first
scientifically recognized benefits of MCT is the unique manner in which they are
digested and utilized by the body. These fats provide nutritional benefits that
can improve overall health of both the sick and the well, the young and the old.
Even athletes are now using them to boost performance and control weight.
Unfortunately, few foods nowadays contain MCT;
the best source is coconut oil. By adding coconut oil to your diet you can
literally eat your way to better health.
Digestion and Nutrient Absorption
The digestive health advantages of MCT) over LCT
are due to the differences in the way our bodies metabolize these fats. Because
the MCT molecules are smaller, they require less energy and fewer enzymes to
break them down for digestion. They are digested and absorbed quickly and with
minimal effort.---MCT are broken down almost immediately by enzymes in
the saliva and gastric juices so that pancreatic fat-digesting enzymes are not
even essential.1 Therefore, there is less
strain on the pancreas and digestive system. Premature and ill infants
especially whose digestive organs are underdeveloped, are able to absorb MCT
with relative ease, while other fats pass through their systems pretty much
undigested. People who suffer from
malabsorption problems such as cystic fibrosis, and have difficulty digesting or
absorbing fats and fat soluble vitamins, benefit greatly from MCT.
They can also be of importance to people suffering from diabetes, obesity,
gallbladder disease, pancreatitis Crohn's disease, pancreatic insufficiency, and
some forms of cancer.--As we get older our bodies don't function as well as
they did in earlier years. The pancreas doesn't make as many digestive enzymes,
our intestines don't absorb nutrients as well, the whole process of digestion
and elimination moves at a lower rate of efficiency. As a result, older people
often suffer from vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Because MCT are easy to
digest and improve vitamin and mineral absorption they should be included in the
meals of older people. This is easy to do if the meals are prepared with coconut
oil.---In the digestive system MCT are broken down into individual fatty acids (MCFA).
Unlike other fatty acids, MCFA are absorbed directly from the intestines into
the portal vein and sent straight to the liver where they are, for the most
part, burned as fuel much like a carbohydrate.
In this respect they act more like carbohydrates than like fats.2---Other
fats require pancreatic enzymes to break them into smaller units. They are then
absorbed into the intestinal wall and packaged into bundles of fat (lipid) and
protein called lipoproteins. These lipoproteins are carried by the lymphatic
system, bypassing the liver, and then dumped into the bloodstream, where they
are circulated throughout the body. As they circulate in the blood, their fatty
components are distributed to all the tissues of the body. The lipoproteins get
smaller and smaller, until there is little left of them. At this time they are
picked up by the liver, broken apart, and used to produce energy or, if needed,
repackaged into other lipoproteins and sent back into the bloodstream to be
distributed throughout the body. Cholesterol, saturated fat, monounsaturated
fat, and polyunsaturated fat are all packaged together into lipoproteins and
carried throughout the body in this way. In
contrast, medium-chain fatty acids are not packaged into lipoproteins but go to
the liver where they are converted into energy. Ordinarily they are
not stored to any significant degree as body fat. Medium-chain fatty acids
produce energy. Other dietary fats produce body fat.----. Since it is rapidly
absorbed, it can deliver quick nourishment without putting excessive strain on
the digestive and enzyme systems and help conserve the body's energy that would
normally be expended in digesting other fats.
Metabolism and Energy---.
With MCT your body performs better because it has more
energy and greater endurance. Because MCFA are funneled directly to
the liver and converted into energy, the body gets a boost of energy. And
because MCFA are easily absorbed by the energy-producing organelles of the
cells, metabolism increases. This burst
of energy has a stimulating effect on the entire body.---The fact that MCT
digest immediately to produce energy and stimulate metabolism has led athletes
to use them as a means to enhance exercise performance. Studies indicate this
may be true. In one study, for example, investigators tested the physical
endurance of mice who were given MCT in their daily diet against those that
weren't. The study extended over a six-week period.
The mice were subjected to a swimming endurance test every other day. They were
placed in a pool of water with a constant current. The total swimming time until
exhaustion was measured. While at first there was little difference between the
groups of mice, those fed MCT quickly began to out-perform the others and
continued to improve throughout the testing period.3
Tests such as this demonstrated that MCT had the
ability to enhance endurance and exercise performance, at least in mice.---In
another study using humans, conditioned cyclists were used. The cyclists pedaled
for three hours. During the last hour they were each given a beverage to drink.
Those who received beverages containing MCT out performed the others.
--- If eaten regularly MCT can provide a boost in
energy and performance of daily activities. --If you get tired in the
middle of the day or feel you lack energy, adding coconut oil to your daily diet
may provide you with a much needed boost to help carry you through.---Besides
increasing your energy level, there are other very important benefits that
results from boosting your metabolic rate: it helps
protect you from illness and speeds healing. When metabolism is
increased, cells function at a higher rate of efficiency.
They heal injuries quicker, old and diseased cells
are replaced faster, and young, new cells are generated at an increased rate to
replace worn-out ones. Even the immune system functions better.---Several
health problems such as obesity, heart disease, and osteoporosis are more
prevalent in those people who have slow metabolism.
Any health condition is made worse if the metabolic
rate is slower than normal, because cells can't heal and repair
themselves as quickly. Increasing metabolic rate, therefore, provides an
increased degree of protection from both degenerative and infectious illnesses.
Nature's Perfect Food----Among all the foods in nature there is one that
stands head and shoulders above all the rest. That food is mothers' milk. Milk
was designed by nature to supply all the nutrients a baby needs for the first
year or so of life. It contains a perfect blend of vitamins, minerals, proteins,
and fats for optimal growth and development. Without question breast milk is one
of the wonders of nature.---Children who are breastfed not only take in
important nutrients from the milk, but they also receive antibodies and other
substances necessary to protect them against childhood illnesses such as ear
infections, later in life. Breastfed children are healthier than those who are
not. They have better teeth and jaw formation, they are less prone to allergies,
have better digestive function, and are better able to fight off infectious
disease. Research suggests that breastfed children may even develop higher
intelligence. Recognizing the superiority of nature, scientists have attempted
to make baby formula match mother's milk as closely as possible.---An important
component of breast milk is medium-chain fatty acids, principally lauric acid.
Lauric acid is also the primary saturated fatty acid found in coconut oil.
--Some of the important reasons medium-chain
fatty acids are included in milk are improved nutrient absorption and digestive
function. As noted earlier, pancreatic enzymes aren't even
necessary to digest them. They also help to regulate blood sugar levels.
Another very important function is that medium-chain
fatty acids protect the baby from harmful microorganisms. The baby's immature
immune system is supported by the antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and
anti-parasitic properties of these vital fatty acids. In fact,
without these unique saturated fats, the baby would probably not survive long.
It would become malnourished and highly susceptible to a myriad of infectious
diseases.
Milk Quality and MCT----Milk that is rich in medium-chain fatty acids is
vital for the healthy growth and development of the child. For this reason, MCT
are added to most, if not all, baby formulas. Yet, these fatty acids are not
exactly the same as those found naturally in mother's milk.----Just as the fatty
acid content and quality of formula can be altered, so can human breast milk.
Breast milk is, without question, the best choice of food for babies. Not all
breast milk is the same however. The quality of the milk is influenced by the
mother's health and diet. Breast milk is made from the nutrients the mother
consumes. If she doesn't eat the right amount of nutrients, her body will pull
them out of her own tissues. If the mother is deficient in these vital nutrients
herself, then the milk she produces will also be deficient.---The mammary glands
produce small amounts of all the medium-chain fatty acids, vital components in
human breast milk. They are there because they are easy for an infant's immature
digestive system to absorb and utilize. They help give the baby the nutrients
and energy it needs to grow and develop properly.
Because they also have antimicrobial properties they give the infant some degree
of protection against viruses such as HIV and herpes, bacteria such a chlamydia
and H. pyloris, fungi such as Candida and protozoa such as giardia.-----Both
animal and human studies have shown MCT to be an important component in mother's
milk for the proper growth and development of their offspring. For example, when
pregnant and lactating pigs were fed diets containing either long-chain fatty
acids (vegetable oil) or medium-chain fatty acids (coconut oil)
there was a pronounced difference in the survival and
growth rates. The piglets whose mothers received the MCT grew
faster and healthier and had a survival rate of 68% compared to 32%. This
was particularly true with piglets which were born underweight.5----The same
thing appears to happen in humans. For example,
coconut oil was added to the formula of 46 very low-birthweight babies to see if
supplementation was capable of enhancing their weight gain. The group with the
coconut oil gained weight quicker. The weight gain was due to
physical growth and not fat storage.6 The
babies gained more weight and grew better with the coconut oil because their
bodies were able to digest it easily.
The vegetable oils, to a great extent, passed
through their digestive tracts undigested and thus deprived them of the fat
calories they needed for proper development. MCT not only allow
infants to absorb needed fats but they improve the absorption of fat-soluble
vitamins, minerals, and protein.7,8---Human milk fat has a unique fatty acid
composition. The primary fat is saturated, comprising about 45-50 percent of the
total fat content. The next most abundant fat is monounsaturated which makes up
about 35 percent of the milk fat. Polyunsaturated fat comprises only 15-20
percent of the total. A significant portion of the saturated fat in human breast
milk can be in the form of MCT. Sadly, many mothers produce very little. This
can have dramatic consequences on the health of their children.---If breast milk
does not contain enough MCT, an infant can suffer from nutritional deficiency
and become vulnerable to infectious illness. Therefore, it is important that
mother's milk contain as much MCT as nature will allow. This can be done with
diet. Given an ample supply of food containing medium-chain fatty acids, a
nursing mother will produce a milk rich in these health-promoting nutrients.9
While cow's milk and other dairy products contain
small amounts, the foods richest in medium-chain fatty acids are the tropical
oils, principally coconut oil.
The levels of these antimicrobial fatty acids can be as low as 3 to 4 percent,
but when nursing mothers eat coconut products (shredded coconut, coconut milk,
coconut oil, etc.) the levels of MCT in their milk increase significantly. For
instance, eating 40 grams (about 3 tablespoons worth) of coconut oil in one meal
can temporarily increase the lauric acid in the milk of a nursing mother from
3.9% to 9.6% after 14 hours.10 The content of caprylic and capric acids are also
increased. "This gives an important benefit," says Mary G. Enig, Ph.D. an expert
in lipid chemistry and Fellow of the American
College
of Nutrition. "The milk has increased amounts of
the protective antimicrobials lauric acid and capric acid, which gives even
greater protection to the infant." If the mother consumes coconut oil
every day while nursing, the medium-chain fatty acid content will be even
greater.---Preparation by the mother should
start before the baby is born. Pregnant women store fat to be used
later in making their milk. After the baby is born the fatty acids stored in the
mother's body and supplied by her daily diet are used in the production of her
milk. If she has eaten and continues to eat foods which supply ample amounts of
MCFA, particularly lauric acid and capric acid (the two most important
antimicrobial medium-chain fatty acids), her milk will provide maximum benefit
to her baby. These mothers can have as much as 18 percent of the saturated fatty
acids in their milk in the form of lauric and capric acids.---If the mother did
not eat foods containing MCT and does not eat them while nursing, her mammary
glands will only be capable of producing about 3 percent lauric acid and 1
percent capric acid. Her child will lose a great deal of the nutritional
benefits as well as the antimicrobial protection the infant could have otherwise
had.
Protection from Illness----One of the major characteristics of human
breast milk is its ability to protect infants from a myriad of infectious
illnesses during a time when their immune systems are immature and incapable of
adequately defending themselves. The protective
antimicrobial substances in milk that protect the child from a world teaming
with infectious germs and parasites are the MCFA. There are some
illnesses that even an adult with a healthy immune system may have difficulty
fighting off. If the baby is not protected with an adequate amount of MCT in his
or her milk, exposure to such an infection could result in serious
illness.---When a nursing mother is infected with such an illness, her child is
also vulnerable. Mothers infected by certain viruses can pass the infection on
to their infants through breastfeeding. In these cases breastfeeding is not
recommended. This is particularly true when the mother is infected with a
dangerous virus such as HIV. Recent research has
shown that mothers who include a source of lauric acid, such as coconut oil, in
their diets have lower risk of infecting their nursing infants.
The presence of the MCT in the milk lowers the level of the virus in the milk
and thus helps lower the risk of transmission of the disease.---While
HIV-infected mothers are usually advised not to breastfeed their young for fear
that the virus may be transferred, there is no feasible option in some parts of
the world. Many women in resource-poor areas do not have the financial means to
buy infant formula. Breastfeeding is really their only option. Adding coconut
products and coconut oil to the mother's diet is the only practical defense
these women have against passing the AIDS virus to their children.---
It has been recommended that HIV-infected mothers who are breastfeeding consume
24-28 grams/day of lauric acid and 3-4 grams/day of capric acid to prevent the
transfer of the virus. Since coconut oil is nearly 48 percent lauric acid and 7
percent capric acid, this requirement would be
met if the mother ate about 50-55 grams ( 2 oz ) of coconut oil each day.
A tablespoon is equivalent to 14 grams. So 31/2 tablespoons of coconut oil a day
would provide the recommended amount of both lauric and capric acids.---Other
viral infections such as those that cause measles, herpes, mononucleosis, and
such are also a threat to nursing infants.
Pregnant women and nursing mothers can help protect their children by eating an
abundant amount of coconut oil or products that contain coconut oil, such as
shredded coconut or coconut milk.
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Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are fats with an unusual chemical structure that allows the body to digest them easily. Most fats are broken down in the intestine and remade into a special form that can be transported in the blood. But MCTs are absorbed intact and taken to the liver, where they are used directly for energy. In this sense, they are processed very similarly to carbohydrates.---MCTs are different enough from other fats that they can be used as fat substitutes by people (especially those with AIDS) who need calories but are unable to absorb or metabolize normal fats.---MCTs have also shown a bit of promise for improving body composition and enhancing athletic performance.
Therapeutic Uses--- Preliminary evidence suggests that MCTs are a useful fat substitute for those who have difficulty digesting fat. This makes MCTs potentially helpful for people with AIDS, who need to find a way to gain weight but cannot digest fat easily.1,2 MCTs might theoretically be helpful for those who have trouble digesting fatty foods because they lack the proper enzymes (pancreatic insufficiency), but taking digestive enzymes appears to be more effective.3 Although this may sound paradoxical given the above, some evidence suggests that MCT consumption might also enhance the body's natural tendency to burn fat.22-24,34 On this basis, the supplement has been proposed as a weight loss aid. Unfortunately, the results of studies have generally failed to find any weight loss benefits.25,26,29,31,32 Some studies have, however, found that use of MCTs might produce improvements in body composition (ratio of fat to lean tissue).29,31 A related supplement called structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (SMLCT) has been created to provide the same potential benefits as MCTs, but in a form that can be used as cooking oil. In a preliminary double-blind trial, SMLCT has also shown some promise for enhancing body composition.30 --- Athletes often sip carbohydrate-loaded drinks during exercise. MCTs may provide an alternative. Like other fats, they provide more energy per ounce than carbohydrates; but unlike normal fats, this energy can be released rapidly.14 A number of double-blind trials using MCTs for improving high-intensity or endurance exercise performance have been conducted, but the results have been thoroughly inconsistent.15-21 This is not surprising, as none of these studies enrolled enough participants to provide trustworthy results---Athletes often sip carbohydrate-loaded drinks during exercise. MCTs may provide an alternative. Like other fats, they provide more energy per ounce than carbohydrates; but unlike normal fats, this energy can be released rapidly.14 A number of double-blind trials using MCTs for improving high-intensity or endurance exercise performance have been conducted, but the results have been thoroughly inconsistent.15-21 This is not surprising, as none of these studies enrolled enough participants to provide trustworthy results
.
One placebo-controlled study found hints that use of MCTs by people with type 2 diabetes might improve insulin sensitivity and aid weight loss.35
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 24 men and women with AIDS suggests that MCTs can help improve AIDS-related fat malabsorption.11 In this disorder, fat is not digested; it passes unchanged through the intestines, and the body is deprived of calories as well as fat-soluble vitamins. ---The study participants were split into two groups: one received a liquid diet containing normal fats, whereas the other group received mostly MCTs. After 12 days, the participants on the MCT formula showed significantly less fat in their stool and better fat absorption than the other group.--- Another double-blind study found similar results in 24 men with AIDS-related fat malabsorption.12 --- The body depends on enzymes from the pancreas to digest fat. In one study, individuals with inadequate pancreatic function due to chronic pancreatitis appeared to be better able to absorb MCTs than ordinary fatty acids.13 However, this didn't turn out to mean much on a practical basis because, without taking extra digestive enzymes, they could only just barely absorb the MCTs; whereas, if they took digestive enzymes, they absorbed ordinary fats as well as MCTs without difficulty. --Safety Issues--Studies in animals and humans tell us that MCTs are quite safe when consumed at a level of up to 50% of total dietary fat.28,33 However, some people who consume MCTs, especially on an empty stomach, experience annoying (but not severe) abdominal cramps and bloating--- The maximum safe dosage of MCTs in young children, pregnant or nursing women, or people with serious kidney or liver disease has not been established
1. Craig GB, Darnell BE, Weinsier RL, et al. Decreased fat and nitrogen losses in patients with AIDS receiving medium-chain-triglyceride-enriched formula vs those receiving long-chain-triglyceride-containing formulas. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:605-611.
2. Wanke CA, Pleskow D, Degirolami PC, et al. A medium chain triglyceride-based diet in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea reduces diarrhea and malabsorption: a prospective, controlled trial. Nutrition. 1996;12:766-771.
3. Caliari S, Benini L, Sembenini C, et al. Medium-chain triglyceride absorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;31:90-94.
4. Bach AC, Babayan VK. Medium-chain triglycerides: an update. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36:950-962.
5. Jeukendrup AE, Saris WHM, Schrauwen P, et al. Oxidation of orally ingested medium chain triglyceride (MCT) during prolonged exercise [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(suppl 5):S101.
6. Anderson O. Putting medium-chain triglycerides in your sports drink can increase your endurance. Nutr Sci News. 1994;6:6-7.
7. Signore JM. Ketogenic diet containing medium-chain triglycerides. J Am Diet Assoc. 1973;62:285-290.
8. Krotkiewski M. Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1393-1400.
9. Yost TJ, Eckel RH. Hypocaloric feeding in obese women: metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride substitution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49:326-330.
10. Geliebter A, Torbay N, Bracco EF, et al. Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37:1-4.
11. Craig GB, Darnell BE, Weinsier RL, et al. Decreased fat and nitrogen losses in patients with AIDS receiving medium-chain-triglyceride-enriched formula vs those receiving long-chain-triglyceride-containing formulas. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:605-611.
12. Wanke CA, Pleskow D, Degirolami PC, et al. A medium chain triglyceride-based diet in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea reduces diarrhea and malabsorption: a prospective, controlled trial. Nutrition. 1996;12:766-771.
13. Caliari S, Benini L, Sembenini C, et al. Medium-chain triglyceride absorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;31:90-94.
14. Bach AC, Babayan VK. Medium-chain triglycerides: an update. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36:950-962.
15. Anderson O. Putting medium-chain triglycerides in your sports drink can increase your endurance. Nutr Sci News. 1994;6:6-7.
16. Jeukendrup AE, Saris WHM, Schrauwen P, et al. Oxidation of orally ingested medium chain triglyceride (MCT) during prolonged exercise [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(suppl 5):S101.
17. Jeukendrup AE, Thielen JJ, Wagenmakers AJ, et al. Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on substrate utilization and subsequent cycling performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:397-404.
18. Misell LM, Lagomarcino ND, Schuster V, et al. Chronic medium-chain triacylglycerol consumption and endurance performance in trained runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2001;41:210-215.
19. Satabin P, Portero P, Defer G, et al. Metabolic and hormonal responses to lipid and carbohydrate diets during exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:218-223.
20. Van Zyl CG, Lambert EV, Hawley JA, et al. Effects of medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on fuel metabolism and cycling performance. J Appl Physiol. 1996;80:2217-2225.
21. Krotkiewski M. Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1393-1400.
22. Seaton TB, Welle SL, Warenko MK, et al. Thermic effect of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44:630-634.
23. Scalfi L, Coltorti A, Contaldo F. Postprandial thermogenesis in lean and obese subjects after meals supplemented with medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:1130-1133.
24. Baba N, Bracco EF, Hashim SA. Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;35:678-682.
25. Krotkiewski M. Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1393-1400.
26. Yost TJ, Eckel RH. Hypocaloric feeding in obese women: metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride substitution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49:326-330.
27. Geliebter A, Torbay N, Bracco EF, et al. Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37:1-4.
28. Traul KA, Driedger A, Ingle DL, et al. Review of the toxicologic properties of medium-chain triglycerides. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38:79-98.
29. Tsuji H, Kasai M, Takeuchi H, et al. Dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols suppress accumulation of body fat in a double-blind, controlled trial in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2001;131:2853-2859.
30. Matsuo T, Matsuo M, Kasai M, et al. Effects of a liquid diet supplement containing structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols on body fat accumulation in healthy young subjects. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2001;10:46-50.
31. St-Onge MP, Ross R, Parsons WD, et al. Medium-chain triglycerides increase energy expenditure and decrease adiposity in overweight men. Obes Res. 2003;11:395-402.
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